Measure of the degree to which the psychophysical colour of an object illuminated by the test illuminant conforms to that of the same object illuminated by the reference illuminant, suitable allowance having been made for the state of chromatic adaptation. (https://cie.co.at/eilvterm/17-22-109)
Illuminance on a horizontal plane. (https://cie.co.at/eilvterm/17-21-061)
Illuminance on a vertical plane. (https://cie.co.at/eilvterm/17-21-062)
Ratio of minimum illuminance to average illuminance on a surface. (https://cie.co.at/eilvterm/17-29-160)
Condition of vision in which there is discomfort or a reduction in the ability to see details or objects, caused by an unsuitable distribution or range of luminance, or by extreme contrasts. (https://cie.co.at/eilvterm/17-22-098)
Temperature of a Planckian radiator whose radiation has the same chromaticity as that of a given stimulus (https://cie.co.at/eilvterm/17-23-067).
Colour temperatures over 5000 K are called "cool colours" (bluish), while lower colour temperatures (3000 K) are called "warm colours" (yellowish).
Light has been known for a long time to enable sight, safety and orientation. But light can do more than enable vision. Light has the power to energise, to relax, to increase alertness, cognitive performance and mood, and to improve the sleep-wake cycle of people. The true value of light lies in the combination of excellent visual, biological and emotional benefits.
Human Centric Lighting supports health, well-being and performance of humans by combining visual, biological and emotional benefits of light. https://www.lightingeurope.org/images/focus-areas/LED/11_LE_HealthyBuilding_Infog.pdf.
Metrics to assess light with respect to its non‐visual effects have been developed. Recommendations for daytime, evening, and nighttime indoor light exposure to best support physiology, sleep, and wakefulness in healthy adults has been defined by https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001571.
The circadian resetting effects of light are determined by a range of factors including the; timing, intensity, colour spectrum, duration, and photic history of exposure. (https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/98ec/138878f91310bbf9602fccef80019350e00c.pdf)
One of the primary factors determining the phase-resetting effects of light is the timing of the light exposure. Light can either phase advance or phase delay the circadian system depending on the timing of exposure. Under normal conditions, light exposure in the late day/early night causes a phase delay of the pacemaker, whereas light exposure in the late night/early day will phase advance the clock. Healthy interior lighting requires dynamic lighting designs in which the daylight or its equivalent with electric light is high during daytime, especially in the morning, while it should be low and warmer during the last 2 hours before bedtime and at night.
The intensity of light is a vital property when considering the resetting strength of the light exposure. There is a nonlinear relationship between the intensity of light and its circadian phase resetting effects such that exposure to relatively dim indoor room light (~100 lux) for 6.5 h at night can stimulate 50% of the maximum effect of an equal-duration exposure with 10-fold or greater illuminance, which we can find outdoors. Thus, the human circadian pacemaker is exquisitely sensitive to light, and light levels commonly experienced from electric indoor illumination can induce considerable resetting effects on our biological body clock.
Our circadian system is sensitive to the different colours of light in different ways. It is particularly blue-shifted relative to the visual system. The maximum natural reduction of melatonin in our body is produced when we receive daylight that incorporates 480 nm (blue light). This makes us feel more awake, and active, helping us with our day activities. During the night, it is recommended not to receive this component of light, as it will phase delay our circadian system, making a resetting effect.
The duration of light exposure interacts nonlinearly with the magnitude of suppression, such that shorter exposures induce greater effects than would be predicted by a simple linear relationship.
The effect of a light stimulus on the circadian system is not simply dependent on the intensity of light, but also on the relative change in intensity. The circadian photoreception system exhibits adaptation to prior light exposure in determining the response to a current stimulus. As an example: if we receive daylight during the day, receiving light at that night will not phase delay our circadian system.
Lighting systems provide dynamic and tunable light (dimming, boosting light intensity, and tuning the spectrum), enabling human centric lighting. Lighting systems are measured in actual energy consumed, and not in maximum installed power. https://www.lightingeurope.org/images/focus-areas/LED/11_LE_HealthyBuilding_Infog.pdf.